The law said it was protecting women. For some women, that protection came with a pink slip.
In the early 1900s, reformers fought desperately to make American workplaces safer. The need was undeniable. After the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire killed 146 workers, many of them young women, the demand for labor reform became impossible to ignore.
But some reforms carried an assumption that would soon infuriate the very women they claimed to help: women needed protection whether they wanted it or not.
New York prohibited women from working overnight in certain factories, part of a broader era of protective labor legislation. The reasoning often went beyond workplace safety. Women, especially mothers, were expected to be home at night.
For Ella M. Sherwin, a Buffalo printer and Linotype operator whose newspaper work required nighttime hours, “protection” meant losing her job. She eventually found daytime employment, but it paid less and required longer hours.
She was not alone.
Margaret Hinchey, a transit guard, and Mary A. Murray, a ticket agent, also became casualties of restrictions on women’s employment. Murray’s situation exposed the contradiction brutally. A widow raising five children, she needed work that fit around motherhood. Her ticket-agent position reportedly paid $32 a week. The daytime work she found afterward paid just $18.
The women eventually joined forces through the Women’s Equal Opportunity League, founded by working women who believed reform had crossed a line.
Their argument was remarkably simple: protect workers from dangerous jobs, yes. But if a job was considered safe for a man, being a woman should not automatically make it illegal.
They weren’t fighting against women’s rights.
They were fighting for the right to decide what those rights should look like.
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